ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
(Department of English)
WARNING
1. Plagiarism or hiring of ghost writer(s) for solving the assignment(s) will debar the student from award of degree/certificate if found at any stage.
2. Submitting assignment(s) borrowed or stolen from other(s) as one's own will be penalized as defined in the "Aiou Plagiarism Policy".
| Assignment Submission Schedule | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Credit Hours | Due Date | 3 Credit Hours | Due Date |
| Assignment 1 | 15-12-2025 | Assignment 1 | 08-01-2026 |
| Assignment 2 | 08-01-2026 | ||
| Assignment 3 | 30-01-2026 | Assignment 2 | 20-02-2026 |
| Assignment 4 | 20-02-2026 | ||
| Course: Compulsory English-I/Functional English (1423/9407/5404/9382) | Semester: Autumn-2025 |
|---|---|
| Level: BS/BA/Associate Degree |
| Total Marks: 100 | Pass Marks BA: 40 Pass Marks (AD/BS): 50 |
|---|
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Introduction
The skill of asking and answering questions is one of the most powerful tools in communication. It is a natural human practice that goes beyond mere exchange of information and extends into the development of understanding, knowledge building, and relationship strengthening. Communication is not a one-way street; rather, it is a process that thrives on interaction. Asking a question opens a door to dialogue, while answering ensures that the dialogue is meaningful and complete. In the Pakistani cultural context, where oral traditions, respect-based interactions, and collectivist values dominate, this skill carries additional weight. Whether in personal conversations, academic environments, or professional dealings, the ability to frame questions effectively and respond thoughtfully makes the difference between shallow interaction and impactful communication.The Nature of Questioning in Communication
Questioning is not merely about seeking information but about engaging with others at a deeper level. A question serves as an invitation to share perspectives, clarify ambiguities, and stimulate thought. The process of answering completes this cycle and provides closure to the inquiry. In the context of Pakistani society, where communication styles are often shaped by respect for hierarchy, social traditions, and interpersonal sensitivity, questioning has to be both respectful and purposeful. For example, a student asking a teacher a question in Pakistan is not just requesting knowledge but also demonstrating attentiveness and willingness to learn. Similarly, an employee questioning a manager has to balance curiosity with cultural norms of deference.Importance of Asking Questions in Personal Life
In personal life, questioning is essential for building and maintaining healthy relationships. By asking questions, individuals show care and interest in each other’s feelings, experiences, and opinions. In Pakistan, where family bonds are deeply valued, a simple question like “How was your day?” can strengthen relationships within households. Parents who question their children about their studies, friends, or activities create an environment of trust and openness. Moreover, answering these questions allows children to feel valued and heard. Similarly, friendships grow stronger when friends ask each other about their challenges and achievements. This practice reduces misunderstandings, clarifies assumptions, and nurtures emotional bonds.Impact of Answering Skills in Personal Interactions
Answering questions in a thoughtful and honest way shows sincerity and respect in relationships. In Pakistani culture, giving vague or dismissive answers is often seen as a lack of interest, whereas providing clear and considerate responses builds trust. For instance, when relatives gather during festivals such as Eid, young members are often asked about their education or career plans. Providing respectful and confident answers not only maintains family harmony but also enhances the individual’s reputation within the extended family network. This illustrates how the skill of answering can directly influence how one is perceived in personal circles.Role of Questioning in Academic Development
The academic setting is perhaps one of the most critical areas where questioning and answering play a central role. Asking questions is a fundamental way for students to deepen their understanding, clarify concepts, and challenge ideas. In Pakistani classrooms, where traditional rote learning methods have long been dominant, encouraging questioning helps promote critical thinking. For example, a student in a science class who asks why a certain chemical reaction occurs not only enhances his or her own learning but also stimulates the curiosity of peers. Teachers, on their part, should encourage such questions as they indicate engagement and a willingness to learn beyond the textbook.Answering Skills in Academic Context
Answering questions in academic environments is equally significant. A student who can confidently answer a teacher’s question demonstrates comprehension and mastery of the subject. In Pakistani culture, where respect for teachers is highly valued, being able to answer correctly also brings pride and recognition. Teachers themselves, when answering student questions, model knowledge-sharing and inspire intellectual curiosity. For instance, in higher education institutions across Pakistan, professors who answer questions with patience and clarity encourage students to become independent learners. This creates a dynamic learning environment where ideas are not just absorbed but discussed and refined.Professional Relevance of Questioning Skills
In the professional field, questioning is an indispensable skill for problem-solving, decision-making, and team collaboration. A professional who knows how to ask precise and relevant questions can gather essential information, identify potential challenges, and create innovative solutions. In Pakistani organizations, employees often work in hierarchical setups, so framing questions tactfully is crucial. For example, during a business meeting, a junior executive asking a senior manager about project priorities shows initiative but must do so with respect. Similarly, in client interactions, asking the right questions about customer needs can make the difference between delivering a generic service and providing a tailored solution that enhances client satisfaction.The Value of Answering Skills in Professional Settings
Providing thoughtful answers in professional communication establishes credibility, trust, and reliability. In Pakistan’s competitive job market, employees who can answer queries from supervisors or clients with confidence are seen as valuable assets. For instance, a lawyer answering a client’s concerns with clarity builds professional trust, while a teacher answering parent queries during school meetings enhances institutional reputation. In workplaces where communication styles are shaped by cultural sensitivity and respect, answering skills are especially vital in avoiding misunderstandings and maintaining professional harmony.Impact on Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
Both questioning and answering contribute to the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In Pakistan, where young people are increasingly expected to adapt to a globalized world, these skills are essential. Asking critical questions such as “What other options are available?” or “How can this problem be solved differently?” pushes individuals beyond surface-level thinking. Likewise, answering such questions with well-thought-out reasoning encourages analytical skills. For example, students participating in debate competitions in Pakistan develop these skills by asking counter-questions and responding with evidence-based answers. This practice sharpens their intellect and prepares them for complex real-world challenges.Encouraging Confidence and Self-Expression
The practice of questioning and answering helps individuals develop confidence and the ability to express themselves clearly. In Pakistani society, where young people are sometimes discouraged from speaking too openly in the presence of elders, the habit of respectful questioning can help balance cultural values with the need for self-expression. When students are encouraged to ask and answer in classrooms, they gradually develop the ability to express ideas confidently. Similarly, professionals in Pakistan who confidently answer questions during interviews or public discussions build reputations as competent communicators. Confidence in communication, fostered by questioning and answering, thus becomes a pathway to success.Challenges in Practicing Questioning Skills in Pakistan
While questioning is crucial, cultural and structural barriers sometimes discourage it in Pakistan. Students may hesitate to ask questions in front of teachers for fear of being seen as disrespectful or challenging authority. Employees may avoid asking questions from their managers to prevent appearing ignorant. These barriers limit opportunities for deeper communication and problem-solving. However, as Pakistani society becomes more connected to global educational and professional standards, the importance of encouraging open dialogue is gradually being recognized. Institutions that promote questioning see better student performance, innovative workplaces, and more engaged communities.The Role of Technology in Enhancing Questioning and Answering
With the rise of digital learning platforms, social media, and virtual workspaces in Pakistan, questioning and answering have taken new forms. Online classrooms encourage students to ask questions through chat boxes, and discussion forums give learners a platform to express themselves without the fear of speaking up in front of large groups. Similarly, in professional spaces, emails and instant messaging applications allow employees to ask questions directly and receive prompt answers. This has broadened the scope of communication and made questioning and answering more accessible across geographical and cultural barriers.Examples from Pakistani Cultural Context
The significance of questioning and answering becomes clearer when seen in everyday examples from Pakistan. In personal life, a mother questioning her child about schoolwork helps in early identification of academic difficulties. In academics, a teacher answering a student’s query about historical events during Pakistan Studies not only clarifies knowledge but also builds a sense of national identity. In professional life, a doctor answering patient questions about treatment options increases patient trust and improves health outcomes. These examples show how questioning and answering are deeply embedded in Pakistani culture and how they influence outcomes across personal, academic, and professional domains.Conclusion
The art of asking and answering questions is a cornerstone of effective communication. It serves as the foundation for personal bonding, academic growth, and professional success. In the Pakistani context, where cultural norms emphasize respect, harmony, and relationship building, mastering this skill requires both sensitivity and confidence. By encouraging meaningful questioning and thoughtful answering, individuals not only enrich their personal interactions but also contribute to more dynamic classrooms and workplaces. Ultimately, this skill transforms communication from a mechanical exchange of words into a powerful process of understanding, collaboration, and growth. For Pakistan, fostering this culture of inquiry and response is essential to meet the challenges of the modern world and to nurture a society that values dialogue, learning, and mutual respect.Introduction
Seeking confirmation is a natural human tendency that plays a central role in the way individuals communicate, behave, and interact with others. At its core, it means looking for assurance, approval, or agreement from other people regarding one’s opinions, decisions, or actions. This process is deeply tied to the need for social belonging and emotional validation. In a multicultural environment, where people from diverse cultural, linguistic, and social backgrounds interact, seeking confirmation becomes even more important and complex. People want to ensure that their thoughts and actions are understood and accepted across different cultural norms. In such settings, seeking confirmation is not just about gaining approval but also about avoiding misunderstandings and building mutual respect. Real-life examples, particularly in contexts like Pakistan and other multicultural societies, highlight how this tendency shapes human interaction.The Psychological Basis of Seeking Confirmation
Human beings are inherently social creatures, and the desire for acceptance is part of psychological survival. From early childhood, individuals learn to seek approval from parents, teachers, and peers as a sign that their behavior is appropriate. Psychologists explain this through the concept of social validation, which suggests that people often measure the correctness of their behavior by the reaction they receive from others. In multicultural environments, where cultural codes may differ, this validation becomes essential for reducing anxiety and ensuring effective communication. For example, a Pakistani student studying abroad may ask classmates whether his presentation style is appropriate, not only for feedback but also for reassurance that his approach aligns with international academic standards.Importance of Confirmation in Multicultural Communication
In a multicultural setting, individuals may have different interpretations of gestures, words, or behaviors. Seeking confirmation ensures that one’s message has been correctly understood and that no cultural boundaries have been unintentionally crossed. This reduces the chances of conflict and strengthens interpersonal trust. For instance, when a Pakistani professional working in Dubai asks his multicultural team if his proposed plan makes sense to everyone, he is not just asking for technical approval but also checking that his ideas are communicated clearly to colleagues from diverse cultural backgrounds such as Arabs, Europeans, and South Asians. This practice builds harmony and ensures inclusivity in workplace decisions.Seeking Confirmation in Personal Relationships
In personal life, individuals often look for confirmation as a way to feel valued and supported. In a multicultural family or friendship circle, where people may come from different ethnic or religious backgrounds, this becomes especially important. For example, a Pakistani woman married into a British household may seek confirmation from her in-laws about whether her way of preparing traditional dishes is appreciated or whether it needs to be adjusted to local tastes. This small act is not merely about food but about reassurance that her efforts to blend cultures are accepted and respected. Similarly, friends from different backgrounds often ask each other if certain jokes or expressions are acceptable, ensuring that they do not unintentionally offend.Confirmation in Academic Settings
Academic environments often bring together students from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In such contexts, students frequently seek confirmation from teachers and peers to ensure that they are meeting expectations. For example, in Pakistani universities with international students, foreign learners might confirm with teachers whether their assignments align with cultural or academic norms. Likewise, Pakistani students studying abroad may ask professors if their writing style matches global academic standards. Seeking this type of confirmation is a way of bridging cultural gaps and ensuring that their work is evaluated fairly. It also reduces anxiety for students who may fear that cultural misunderstandings could affect their grades.Professional Applications of Seeking Confirmation
In the workplace, confirmation is sought both for practical and relational reasons. Employees ask for confirmation to ensure they have understood instructions correctly, while managers provide confirmation to show approval and encourage good performance. In a multicultural organization, this process is crucial because diverse employees may interpret the same instructions differently. For instance, in multinational companies operating in Pakistan, local employees may confirm with foreign managers whether the deadlines are flexible or fixed, as perceptions of time differ across cultures. Similarly, during meetings, a manager may confirm whether the team agrees with the proposed strategy, ensuring alignment despite cultural differences in communication styles.Real-Life Example: Pakistani Workplace
In Pakistani workplaces where multicultural teams are increasingly common, employees often seek confirmation from foreign colleagues to avoid misinterpretation. For example, a Pakistani engineer working with a German supervisor may confirm whether his technical report format is acceptable, since German professionals often value precision and structured presentation. This reassurance not only improves the quality of the work but also strengthens professional trust. On the other hand, the supervisor may also confirm whether his instructions were clear, recognizing that direct communication styles may sometimes need adjustment for Pakistani cultural sensitivity. These examples show how confirmation becomes a two-way process in multicultural work environments.Seeking Confirmation and Cultural Sensitivity
In multicultural environments, cultural sensitivity is vital for maintaining respect and harmony. People seek confirmation to avoid offending others and to ensure their behavior fits within acceptable norms. For instance, a Pakistani student attending a cultural exchange program in Japan might confirm whether bowing etiquette has been performed correctly. Similarly, an international visitor in Pakistan may ask whether shaking hands with women is appropriate in different social contexts, given cultural variations. These acts of seeking confirmation reflect awareness of cultural differences and a desire to show respect. Without such confirmation, actions may unintentionally create discomfort or offense.Confirmation and the Human Desire for Belonging
One of the strongest reasons people seek confirmation is the desire to belong. In multicultural settings, individuals often feel the need to validate their place within the group. This need is even more pronounced when someone feels like an outsider. For example, a Pakistani expatriate working in Canada may seek confirmation from colleagues that his ideas are valued in meetings, as this helps him feel integrated. Similarly, foreign students in Pakistan may confirm whether their participation in cultural events like Basant or Eid celebrations is welcomed, showing their eagerness to be part of the local culture. Such practices strengthen social bonds and create a sense of inclusivity.Examples from Pakistani Culture
In Pakistani culture, seeking confirmation is deeply embedded in everyday communication. For instance, it is common for people to ask elders whether their decision is correct, as approval from elders is seen as a sign of respect and guidance. In multicultural Pakistani cities like Karachi and Lahore, where people from different ethnic and religious communities live together, individuals may confirm whether their social practices align with shared values. For example, during wedding ceremonies, families often confirm with guests from different cultural backgrounds whether the arrangements, food, and rituals are comfortable for them. This practice reflects hospitality and respect for diversity within Pakistan’s social fabric.Confirmation in Religious and Cultural Practices
Religious and cultural practices also highlight the importance of seeking confirmation. In a multicultural environment, people often confirm whether their practices are respected and accepted by others. For example, a Pakistani Muslim working abroad may confirm with colleagues whether it is acceptable to take a short break for prayer, while non-Muslim colleagues may ask whether participating in Eid celebrations is appropriate. These mutual confirmations create understanding and tolerance across religious and cultural divides. They prevent misunderstandings and promote harmony in multicultural societies.Challenges of Seeking Confirmation
While seeking confirmation is generally positive, it can sometimes create challenges in multicultural environments. Over-reliance on approval may cause individuals to lose confidence in their own judgment. In some cases, cultural misinterpretations of confirmation-seeking behavior may occur. For instance, in Pakistani culture, asking repeated confirmation from elders shows respect, but in Western settings, it may be seen as lack of confidence or independence. Similarly, in fast-paced professional environments, constantly seeking confirmation can slow down decision-making. Therefore, balance is necessary to ensure that confirmation enhances communication without creating dependency or inefficiency.Role of Technology in Seeking Confirmation
In today’s digital world, technology has transformed the way people seek confirmation. Online platforms, social media, and messaging applications have become major spaces where people look for approval. In multicultural settings, this takes on a new dimension. For example, a Pakistani student posting his research idea in an international academic forum may seek confirmation from global peers through likes and supportive comments. Similarly, in professional online meetings, employees confirm instructions by repeating key points in emails or chat boxes. Technology not only simplifies the process but also makes it easier to navigate multicultural barriers, as written communication reduces the chances of misinterpretation compared to verbal cues.Conclusion
Seeking confirmation is an essential part of human communication, rooted in the desire for social approval, understanding, and belonging. In multicultural environments, where people from diverse cultural, linguistic, and social backgrounds interact, this tendency becomes even more significant. Confirmation ensures clarity, builds trust, and strengthens relationships across cultural divides. From personal relationships and academic settings to professional workplaces, individuals rely on confirmation to navigate complex interactions. Real-life examples from Pakistani culture, such as family interactions, multicultural workplaces, and religious practices, demonstrate how confirmation creates respect and inclusivity. While challenges exist, the practice of seeking confirmation, when balanced with confidence and cultural sensitivity, serves as a bridge that connects people across differences and promotes harmony in multicultural societies.Introduction
Agreeing and disagreeing are fundamental aspects of human communication. Every time people exchange ideas, opinions, or beliefs, there is a possibility of alignment or conflict between their viewpoints. Agreement means accepting or supporting the perspective of another person, while disagreement means holding a different opinion or rejecting the view being presented. These two elements are natural in communication because no two individuals think exactly alike. The practice of agreeing and disagreeing reflects diversity of thought and helps shape meaningful dialogue. In many cases, it becomes necessary to agree to disagree, which is a mature way of handling conflicts by respecting the other person’s right to hold a different opinion. This concept plays an important role in personal life, academic discussions, and professional environments. In the context of my own life, I have experienced both positive and negative aspects of agreeing to disagree, which highlight its value in real communication.Meaning of Agreeing
Agreeing means finding common ground with someone else’s opinion or perspective. It occurs when two or more people share similar ideas and support each other’s statements. In communication, agreement brings comfort and unity because it signals that participants think in harmony. For example, when friends agree about a choice of restaurant, they not only save time but also enjoy the experience together without conflict. Agreement is a sign of understanding and acceptance, which strengthens relationships. In the Pakistani cultural context, agreement often reflects respect for elders or authority figures, as people may agree to maintain harmony in families or workplaces.Meaning of Disagreeing
Disagreeing means holding a different point of view than someone else. It is a natural outcome of diversity in human thought, experiences, and values. Disagreement does not always imply hostility; rather, it can be a way of enriching communication by introducing alternative perspectives. For example, in a classroom discussion in Pakistan, one student may disagree with another about the interpretation of a historical event. This disagreement can lead to a deeper exploration of facts and opinions, enhancing collective understanding. However, if not managed respectfully, disagreement can lead to conflicts or hurt feelings. The way disagreement is expressed determines whether it is constructive or destructive.Why Do People Disagree?
Disagreement arises for many reasons, including differences in values, culture, religion, personal experiences, and levels of knowledge. In multicultural environments, disagreement is even more common because individuals bring diverse backgrounds and worldviews to the table. In Pakistan, for example, people from different provinces may disagree on political issues due to regional priorities and identities. Similarly, within families, generational gaps often create disagreement between parents and children. These differences are inevitable, and recognizing them helps in understanding the importance of managing disagreement respectfully.The Concept of Agreeing to Disagree
Agreeing to disagree means accepting that two people hold different opinions but choosing to respect those differences without forcing a resolution. It is an acknowledgement that sometimes no conclusion can satisfy both sides, so the best path is to end the conflict peacefully. This concept promotes tolerance and mutual respect, as it allows individuals to maintain relationships despite differences. For instance, two friends in Pakistan might hold different political opinions. Instead of ending their friendship, they may decide to agree to disagree and focus on other aspects of their relationship. This approach prevents unnecessary hostility and keeps communication open.The Value of Agreeing to Disagree
Agreeing to disagree is valuable because it reduces tension, preserves relationships, and encourages diversity of thought. It demonstrates maturity and emotional intelligence by showing that one can accept others without imposing personal beliefs. In academic settings, students who agree to disagree during debates learn to appreciate multiple perspectives. In workplaces, employees who agree to disagree avoid unnecessary conflicts and keep collaboration strong. In personal life, family members who use this strategy can maintain harmony even when values or opinions clash. The value lies in recognizing that differences are part of human nature and should not destroy bonds.Agreeing to Disagree in Personal Life
In my own life, I have experienced the power of agreeing to disagree in personal relationships. For example, within my family, I often have different opinions about career choices or lifestyle decisions compared to some relatives. Instead of arguing endlessly, we sometimes choose to agree to disagree, respecting each other’s perspectives. This practice helps us maintain family unity and avoid bitterness. While it does not solve the disagreement, it creates space for peaceful coexistence. In a society like Pakistan, where family ties are highly valued, agreeing to disagree is an important way to balance individual freedom with collective harmony.Agreeing to Disagree in Academic Settings
In academic environments, agreeing to disagree is a common outcome of classroom debates, research discussions, or study groups. During my academic journey, I often encountered situations where my interpretation of literature or history clashed with my classmates’ views. In such cases, instead of forcing agreement, we agreed to disagree while respecting each other’s reasoning. This approach allowed us to learn from each other’s perspectives and broaden our understanding. In Pakistani universities, where students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds come together, this practice is essential for fostering tolerance and intellectual growth.Agreeing to Disagree in Professional Life
In professional life, I have also seen the importance of agreeing to disagree. For example, during a group project, my team members and I often had conflicting ideas about strategies. Instead of wasting time in endless arguments, we sometimes decided to agree to disagree and move forward with the plan that had majority support. This saved time and preserved working relationships. In Pakistan’s workplace culture, where respect for authority is significant, employees may also agree to disagree with managers silently while still carrying out tasks. Although this is not always ideal, it prevents conflict and ensures smooth workflow.When Agreeing to Disagree is Good
Agreeing to disagree is good when it prevents unnecessary conflict and preserves relationships. It is especially useful when the disagreement does not have a direct impact on outcomes or when both parties are unlikely to change their views. For instance, disagreements about politics, religion, or personal preferences can easily damage friendships if taken too far. By agreeing to disagree, people can focus on shared values and maintain peace. In my experience, this approach has helped me keep long-term friendships intact despite differences in opinion on sensitive issues.When Agreeing to Disagree is Bad
However, agreeing to disagree is not always positive. It can be problematic when it prevents necessary dialogue or action. For example, if two people disagree on important safety measures at work and simply agree to disagree, it may create serious risks. In personal life, agreeing to disagree about issues like financial responsibilities or parenting styles can lead to unresolved conflicts that resurface later. From my own experience, I once agreed to disagree with a colleague about the division of tasks, but later this caused resentment and imbalance in workload. In such cases, agreeing to disagree becomes an avoidance strategy rather than a solution.Balancing Agreement and Disagreement
The real challenge in communication is to balance agreement and disagreement in a way that promotes respect without suppressing important discussions. People should not be afraid to disagree, but they should also know when it is wise to stop pushing their views. This balance is achieved through empathy, patience, and active listening. In Pakistan, where collectivist values often prioritize harmony, people may avoid open disagreement. However, learning to express differences respectfully and agreeing to disagree when necessary can improve both personal and professional relationships.Examples from My Life Experience
In my life, agreeing to disagree has played both a positive and a negative role. Positively, it helped me maintain friendships despite having different political opinions. Instead of letting arguments spoil our bond, we chose to accept our differences and move on. Negatively, I experienced problems in a professional setting when agreeing to disagree led to confusion about roles and responsibilities. This taught me that while agreeing to disagree is useful for personal peace, it is not always suitable in practical decision-making where clarity is required. These experiences showed me that the practice must be applied wisely depending on the situation.Conclusion
Agreeing and disagreeing are natural parts of communication, reflecting the diversity of human thought and experience. Agreement brings unity, while disagreement introduces new perspectives. The practice of agreeing to disagree is an effective way of maintaining respect and harmony in relationships where differences cannot be resolved. It allows people to value each other despite disagreements. From my own life experiences, I have learned that agreeing to disagree can be both good and bad. It is good when it preserves relationships and avoids unnecessary conflict, but it is bad when it prevents important issues from being addressed. Ultimately, agreeing to disagree is a tool that must be applied with wisdom, empathy, and awareness of the context. In this way, it contributes to healthy communication in personal, academic, and professional life.ABC Trading Company,
Office No. 12, Business Avenue,
Shahrah-e-Faisal,
Karachi, Pakistan.
October 2, 2025
Mr. Ahmed Khan,
House No. 45, Block 7,
Clifton,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Subject: Apology for Damaged and Late Delivery of Product.
Dear Mr. Khan,
We sincerely apologize for the inconvenience caused due to the late delivery and damage to the product you recently ordered from ABC Trading Company. We understand how important timely and secure delivery is for our valued clients, and we deeply regret that we failed to meet your expectations on this occasion.
The delay was caused due to unforeseen logistical challenges, and unfortunately, during transportation, the product sustained damage. Please rest assured that immediate corrective measures have been taken with our delivery partners to ensure this does not happen again.
As a gesture of goodwill, we are arranging for a replacement product to be dispatched to your address at no additional cost, and you will receive it within the next three working days. In addition, we would like to offer you a ten percent discount on your next purchase with us.
We value your trust in our company and sincerely regret this lapse. We are committed to serving you with the highest quality and care in the future. Thank you for your patience and understanding.
Yours sincerely,
Muhammed Ali,
Customer Relations Manager,
ABC Trading Company,
Karachi, Pakistan.
i. Epistemic (relating to possibility, deduction, expectation),
ii. Deontic (relating to ideals or regulations),
iii. Volitional (relating to the request/plan),
iv. Praxic (relating to performance/habit). ▶
Introduction
Modal verbs are special helping verbs that add meaning to the main verb in a sentence by showing possibility, necessity, obligation, permission, certainty, ability, or intention. Common modal verbs include can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would. Unlike ordinary verbs, modals do not change form according to tense or subject. They are always followed by the base form of the main verb. For example, in the sentence “She can swim,” the word can is a modal verb that expresses ability. Modal verbs are powerful tools in English grammar because they express shades of meaning that cannot be captured by main verbs alone. Their usage can be understood more deeply when divided into four categories: epistemic, deontic, volitional, and praxic.Epistemic Modals
Epistemic modals are used to show the speaker’s judgment about the possibility, probability, or certainty of a situation. They deal with knowledge and deduction, often reflecting how sure or unsure a person is about something. For example, the sentence “It might rain tomorrow” shows possibility, while “She must be at work by now” shows a strong deduction based on evidence. In Pakistani cultural context, an example could be “The traffic in Karachi must be heavy at this time of the day,” which expresses logical deduction based on general knowledge. Another example is “They may arrive late because of the weather,” which reflects possibility. These modals help speakers share their reasoning, assumptions, and expectations with others.Deontic Modals
Deontic modals express duty, necessity, obligation, or permission. They are often related to rules, laws, or social expectations. For instance, “You must wear a uniform in school” expresses necessity because of a rule. Another example is “You should respect your elders,” which reflects an ideal expectation common in Pakistani culture. Similarly, “You may enter the hall after the announcement” grants permission. In professional life, one may say, “Employees must attend the training session,” which shows an obligation. Deontic modals are important in both formal and informal communication because they help establish boundaries, responsibilities, and standards of behavior in society.Volitional Modals
Volitional modals are used to express willingness, intention, request, or plan. They show what the speaker or listener wants or is prepared to do. The most common modal for volition is will. For example, “I will help you with your homework” shows intention. In a Pakistani family setting, a child might say, “I will accompany you to the market,” indicating willingness. Requests are also expressed through volitional modals, such as “Would you please pass me the book?” or “Will you join us for dinner?” These examples show politeness and planning in communication. Volitional modals are essential for expressing personal choices, cooperative attitudes, and social courtesy.Praxic Modals
Praxic modals relate to performance, ability, or habitual action. They are often used to describe what someone can or is able to do, or what usually happens. For example, “She can play the piano very well” indicates ability. In Pakistan, one might say, “He can recite the Quran beautifully,” which highlights skill. Praxic modals can also show habitual actions, such as “In summer, people will often sleep on rooftops to escape the heat.” Another example is “Children can be noisy when they play outside,” which shows a common tendency. Praxic modals therefore describe capability and repeated performance in everyday life.Conclusion
Modal verbs enrich the English language by expressing meanings that go beyond simple statements of fact. They provide nuance in communication by indicating possibility, certainty, rules, willingness, and ability. By categorizing modal verbs into epistemic, deontic, volitional, and praxic types, learners can better understand how to use them effectively. Epistemic modals deal with reasoning and expectation, deontic modals deal with rules and obligations, volitional modals show willingness and requests, and praxic modals highlight ability and habits. Together, they make language more precise, polite, and meaningful. Mastering these categories enables speakers and writers to communicate with greater clarity and cultural sensitivity in both everyday and professional contexts.ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Introduction
Dialogue is the process of two or more people engaging in meaningful conversation to share thoughts, ideas, experiences, and emotions with each other. It is not merely about exchanging words but about understanding, listening, and reflecting. The essence of dialogue lies in its reciprocal and cumulative nature. Reciprocal means that both sides take turns to speak and listen, while cumulative refers to the way ideas build upon one another to create new understanding. Dialogue helps individuals learn through interaction, offering perspectives that broaden their knowledge. When applied in broader social, political, and international contexts, dialogue becomes a powerful tool for resolving conflicts and promoting peace.Dialogue as a Reciprocal Process
Dialogue is reciprocal because it requires active participation from all parties. Each side listens attentively to the other, not just to respond, but to understand the concerns, needs, and viewpoints expressed. For example, when two students discuss a topic, they both contribute to and benefit from the learning process. In the same way, nations in conflict must hear each other’s grievances rather than impose unilateral solutions. Reciprocity ensures equality, respect, and trust between the participants of dialogue.Dialogue as a Cumulative Process
Dialogue is also cumulative because it builds knowledge step by step. When one person shares an idea, the other adds a new dimension, and the conversation develops into a richer understanding. It is through this accumulation of ideas that new solutions and insights emerge. For instance, in academic discussions, teachers and students use dialogue to deepen comprehension by adding examples and clarifying concepts. Similarly, in international politics, dialogue builds understanding gradually, moving from small agreements to larger peace frameworks.Dialogue as a Learning Tool
Dialogue is a tool for learning because it requires openness to different viewpoints. When people listen actively and question respectfully, they develop empathy and tolerance. This learning process is not limited to classrooms but is essential in society and international relations. Through dialogue, misunderstandings are clarified, stereotypes are broken, and mutual respect grows. Without dialogue, conflicts remain unresolved because parties refuse to understand the perspective of others.Dialogue as the Ultimate Solution to Issues
Dialogue is often considered the ultimate solution to conflicts because it addresses the root causes rather than just the symptoms. While violence and war create destruction, dialogue opens the door to negotiation, compromise, and peaceful coexistence. Unlike coercion, dialogue allows both sides to retain dignity and find common ground. Dialogue is slow and challenging, but it provides sustainable results compared to force, which only deepens hostility.Iran and Israel Conflict: A Background
The conflict between Iran and Israel is complex, shaped by historical, religious, and geopolitical tensions. Israel sees Iran as a threat due to its support for groups like Hezbollah and Hamas, while Iran opposes Israel’s policies in Palestine. These long-standing differences have resulted in hostility, proxy wars, and deep mistrust. The current scenario is marked by regional instability, economic sanctions, military threats, and the suffering of civilians caught in the crossfire.The Role of Dialogue in Iran-Israel Conflict
Dialogue offers a path that violence has failed to provide in the Iran-Israel conflict. Military actions, sanctions, and threats have only escalated mistrust between the two nations. However, through dialogue, both sides could address their security concerns and humanitarian issues. For example, discussions on prisoner exchanges, ceasefires, or regional cooperation on humanitarian grounds could serve as starting points. Dialogue would allow both nations to humanize each other rather than remain locked in hostile perceptions.Why Dialogue is Essential in the Current Scenario
In the present global context, the Iran-Israel conflict has far-reaching consequences beyond their borders. The Middle East is already a region of fragile peace, and prolonged hostility threatens international stability, trade, and energy security. Dialogue becomes essential because it provides a platform where nations can lower tensions without resorting to war. For instance, neutral mediators like the United Nations or countries such as Turkey or Qatar can facilitate conversations that focus on humanitarian cooperation. Dialogue helps avoid escalation into larger wars that would impact not only the region but the entire world.Dialogue and Humanitarian Concerns
One of the strongest arguments for dialogue is its ability to address humanitarian crises. Civilians suffer the most in wars, facing displacement, poverty, and loss of life. Through dialogue, even adversaries can agree on humanitarian corridors, medical aid, and protection of non-combatants. In the Iran-Israel case, dialogue can ensure that civilians in conflict zones are not deprived of basic necessities, which builds a small level of trust that can expand into broader peace talks.Learning from Other Conflicts
The success of dialogue can be observed in other conflicts where peaceful negotiation brought stability. For example, the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland or the peace process in South Africa during the end of apartheid show how dialogue can overcome decades of hostility. These cases highlight that even deep-rooted conflicts can be resolved when both sides commit to continuous dialogue. The Iran-Israel conflict can draw inspiration from such examples, showing that even the toughest disputes can be settled through conversation.The Global Responsibility for Dialogue
Dialogue in the Iran-Israel context is not only the responsibility of these two nations but also of the global community. The world powers have an obligation to encourage, facilitate, and safeguard dialogue rather than fuel the conflict through arms sales or biased policies. Constructive dialogue supported by international organizations can lead to mutual recognition and gradual normalization of relations. In the interconnected world of today, war in one region affects everyone, making dialogue a shared responsibility.Dialogue as a Moral and Religious Obligation
Both Iran and Israel are deeply influenced by religious values. Dialogue is in harmony with Islamic and Jewish teachings that emphasize peace, justice, and the sanctity of human life. In Pakistani cultural and Islamic traditions, dialogue is also seen as the first step before conflict, reflecting the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) practice of resolving disputes through conversation and treaties. Religious leaders and scholars can play an important role in encouraging dialogue as a moral obligation.Conclusion
Dialogue is more than just a conversation; it is a reciprocal and cumulative process that fosters learning, understanding, and cooperation. It is the ultimate solution for resolving issues because it transforms hostility into recognition and mistrust into respect. In the context of the Iran-Israel conflict, dialogue is not only possible but necessary for peace in the region and the wider world. Violence has never brought lasting solutions, but dialogue has the potential to end cycles of suffering and open new pathways for coexistence. The current scenario demands that both nations, with the support of the international community, replace aggression with conversation. Only through dialogue can humanity move closer to peace, justice, and harmony.|
Social Media Manager (Harpers footwear Company, Lahore) |
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| Job description | |
| The ideal candidate is a hard-working team player who will play a critical role in creating original digital content across various social media platforms. | |
| Responsibilities | |
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| Qualifications | |
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Personal Information
Name: Muhammad Ahsan
Address: House No. 22, Model Town, Lahore, Pakistan
Phone: 0300-1234567
Email: ahsan.m@gmail.com
LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/ahsanm
Career Objective
A highly motivated and creative Social Media Manager with proven experience in digital content creation, strategy development, and data-driven marketing. Skilled in managing diverse platforms such as TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Facebook. Seeking to contribute to Harpers Footwear Company by increasing brand visibility, audience engagement, and sales through innovative social media campaigns.
Professional Experience
Digital Marketing Executive | XYZ Apparel Pvt. Ltd., Lahore | Jan 2021 – Present
Developed and executed social media strategies that increased brand followers by 40% in one year. Created engaging campaigns on Instagram and TikTok that led to a 25% rise in online sales. Regularly prepared metric-based reports for management to assess performance and make improvements.
Social Media Coordinator | ABC Tech Solutions, Lahore | Jun 2018 – Dec 2020
Managed day-to-day social media presence across multiple platforms. Designed original graphics, short videos, and promotional posts to attract customers. Provided data analysis and insights to the marketing team for better decision-making. Assisted in planning paid ad campaigns that achieved high ROI.
Education
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) | University of the Punjab, Lahore | 2017
Specialization in Marketing with coursework focused on digital marketing, consumer behavior, and brand management.
Key Skills
• Proficiency in social media platforms including TikTok, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook.
• Strong knowledge of social media tools such as Hootsuite, Buffer, and Canva.
• Fluency in Microsoft Office Suite (Outlook, Excel, Word, PowerPoint).
• Expertise in data analysis and preparing performance reports using Google Analytics and Facebook Insights.
• Excellent communication, creativity, and problem-solving skills.
• Ability to work collaboratively in a team environment and handle multiple campaigns simultaneously.
Projects and Achievements
• Led a TikTok campaign for XYZ Apparel that gained over 500,000 views and increased brand engagement significantly.
• Increased ABC Tech’s YouTube subscribers by 30% through consistent, quality content and SEO optimization.
• Recognized as "Employee of the Quarter" for outstanding performance in digital marketing initiatives.
Languages
• English (Fluent)
• Urdu (Native)
• Punjabi (Intermediate)
References
Available upon request.
i. Family member borrowing a car.
ii. Friend attending a party.
iii. Sister staying out late.
iv. Colleague using your workspace.
v. Neighbor using your lawn.
vi. Your classmate is asking for your.
vii. Refusing to attend an event.
viii. A stranger wants to use your cell phone.
ix. One of your uncle’s wants to visit you on this weekend.
x. Neighbours want to use lawn. ▶
i. Family member borrowing a car.
Yes, of course you can take the car, just make sure to drive safely.
Sorry, I cannot give you the car today as I need it for some urgent work.
ii. Friend attending a party.
Sure, you may go to the party and have fun.
I’m afraid I can’t allow you to go this time as it’s quite late.
iii. Sister staying out late.
Alright, you can stay out late but please keep your phone on.
No, you can’t stay out late tonight because it isn’t safe.
iv. Colleague using your workspace.
Yes, please feel free to use my workspace for your meeting.
I’m sorry, but I need my workspace today for my own tasks.
v. Neighbor using your lawn.
Of course, you can use my lawn for your small gathering.
I’m sorry, but I cannot allow the lawn this weekend as we have our own plans.
vi. Your classmate is asking for your notes.
Yes, you can take my notes and return them once you are done.
Sorry, I cannot give you my notes right now as I still need them.
vii. Refusing to attend an event.
Thank you for inviting me, I will definitely attend the event.
I’m really sorry, but I won’t be able to attend due to a personal commitment.
viii. A stranger wants to use your cell phone.
Sure, you can use my phone to make a quick call.
I’m sorry, but I don’t feel comfortable handing my phone to strangers.
ix. One of your uncle’s wants to visit you on this weekend.
Yes, uncle, you are most welcome to visit us this weekend.
I’m really sorry, but this weekend we are not available at home.
x. Neighbours want to use lawn.
Yes, you can use the lawn for your family gathering.
I’m afraid I cannot allow the lawn this time because we need it ourselves.
Introduction
The manipulation of facts and opinions through media is often described as a double-edged sword because it can serve both positive and negative purposes. On one hand, media has the power to shape narratives, raise awareness, and mobilize people for collective causes. On the other hand, when facts are twisted or opinions are exaggerated, it creates misunderstanding, fuels hatred, and deepens divisions. In the context of recent India-Pakistan conflicts, the role of media manipulation has been very significant, especially with the rise of digital platforms, social media, and instant news reporting.
The Power of Media in Shaping Perceptions
Media has the ability to reach millions of people in real time, making it the most powerful tool for communication in modern society. When a conflict occurs between India and Pakistan, people on both sides often rely on media for information. However, the type of facts presented and the way they are framed play a major role in influencing public perception. Positive use of media can build bridges by promoting dialogue and peace efforts, but manipulative reporting can easily inflame public emotions and lead to hostile reactions.
Media as a Tool for Unity and Patriotism
One of the positive effects of media manipulation is that it can be used to strengthen unity and patriotism. For example, when news outlets highlight the bravery of soldiers or show stories of resilience, citizens feel pride in their country. In both India and Pakistan, such reporting is used to keep morale high and ensure public support during tense situations. This helps governments maintain order and prevent panic in times of crisis. However, this same tool can also turn harmful if it spreads exaggerated claims or one-sided narratives that demonize the other side.
Media as a Source of Misinformation
The negative side of manipulating facts is misinformation. During recent India-Pakistan clashes, social media platforms were flooded with unverified videos, false reports, and edited images. Many people shared these without confirmation, leading to widespread panic and anger. For instance, videos from unrelated wars or events were circulated as evidence of the conflict, which only added fuel to public hostility. Such misinformation creates unnecessary escalation and prevents people from understanding the actual situation on the ground.
The Role of Social Media in Escalating Tensions
Unlike traditional media, social media gives everyone a voice. While this democratizes information, it also opens doors for manipulation. Hashtags, viral posts, and trending topics can quickly spread emotional narratives without factual backing. In both India and Pakistan, thousands of people used Twitter, Facebook, and TikTok to share nationalistic content that often mocked or insulted the other country. This not only escalated digital wars but also created pressure on governments to respond aggressively instead of diplomatically.
Psychological Impact on Citizens
Constant exposure to manipulated media content has a psychological impact on citizens. People begin to see the other side as enemies rather than humans with similar struggles. This dehumanization creates long-lasting mistrust and hatred between populations. For example, ordinary Indians and Pakistanis, who share cultural similarities and personal bonds, may develop biased opinions against each other based on false media portrayals. The manipulation of facts thus divides communities and prevents people from seeing beyond political conflicts.
Diplomatic Consequences
Manipulated media narratives also affect diplomatic relations. When citizens demand harsh action due to exaggerated or false media reports, governments face internal pressure to adopt aggressive stances. This reduces the chances of peaceful negotiation and worsens conflict. A minor border incident, when amplified by sensationalist media, can quickly grow into a national crisis. This has been seen repeatedly in recent India-Pakistan disputes, where both sides hardened their positions because of public pressure influenced by manipulated media.
Media as a Bridge for Peace
Despite its negative side, media manipulation can also be directed towards peace-building. Positive storytelling, highlighting shared cultural ties, cricket diplomacy, or stories of compassion between Indians and Pakistanis can change narratives. For instance, whenever media promotes friendship and cooperation, public opinion becomes softer, creating space for leaders to pursue dialogue. In this way, media can also serve as a constructive tool in conflict resolution if facts are used responsibly.
The Double-Edged Nature of Media Manipulation
The double-edged nature of media lies in its potential to both unite and divide. When facts are presented responsibly, media strengthens democracy, fosters informed opinions, and reduces conflict. When manipulated negatively, it spreads misinformation, increases hostility, and damages peace prospects. In the case of India and Pakistan, both outcomes are visible. While positive campaigns have occasionally built hope for peace, negative propaganda has often dragged the two nations further apart.
Conclusion
The manipulation of facts and opinions through media in the context of India-Pakistan conflicts shows how powerful communication can be. It can mobilize people for unity, raise awareness, and foster peace, but it can also spread hatred, escalate wars, and damage diplomatic ties. Therefore, media must be used with responsibility and ethical standards. Citizens must also develop media literacy to differentiate between facts and propaganda. In the end, media should be a tool for truth and peace, not for manipulation and division, especially in sensitive conflicts like that of India and Pakistan.
Introduction
The manipulation of facts and opinions through media is often described as a double-edged sword because it can serve both positive and negative purposes. On one hand, media has the power to shape narratives, raise awareness, and mobilize people for collective causes. On the other hand, when facts are twisted or opinions are exaggerated, it creates misunderstanding, fuels hatred, and deepens divisions. In the context of recent India-Pakistan conflicts, the role of media manipulation has been very significant, especially with the rise of digital platforms, social media, and instant news reporting.
The Power of Media in Shaping Perceptions
Media has the ability to reach millions of people in real time, making it the most powerful tool for communication in modern society. When a conflict occurs between India and Pakistan, people on both sides often rely on media for information. However, the type of facts presented and the way they are framed play a major role in influencing public perception. Positive use of media can build bridges by promoting dialogue and peace efforts, but manipulative reporting can easily inflame public emotions and lead to hostile reactions.
Media as a Tool for Unity and Patriotism
One of the positive effects of media manipulation is that it can be used to strengthen unity and patriotism. For example, when news outlets highlight the bravery of soldiers or show stories of resilience, citizens feel pride in their country. In both India and Pakistan, such reporting is used to keep morale high and ensure public support during tense situations. This helps governments maintain order and prevent panic in times of crisis. However, this same tool can also turn harmful if it spreads exaggerated claims or one-sided narratives that demonize the other side.
Media as a Source of Misinformation
The negative side of manipulating facts is misinformation. During recent India-Pakistan clashes, social media platforms were flooded with unverified videos, false reports, and edited images. Many people shared these without confirmation, leading to widespread panic and anger. For instance, videos from unrelated wars or events were circulated as evidence of the conflict, which only added fuel to public hostility. Such misinformation creates unnecessary escalation and prevents people from understanding the actual situation on the ground.
The Role of Social Media in Escalating Tensions
Unlike traditional media, social media gives everyone a voice. While this democratizes information, it also opens doors for manipulation. Hashtags, viral posts, and trending topics can quickly spread emotional narratives without factual backing. In both India and Pakistan, thousands of people used Twitter, Facebook, and TikTok to share nationalistic content that often mocked or insulted the other country. This not only escalated digital wars but also created pressure on governments to respond aggressively instead of diplomatically.
Psychological Impact on Citizens
Constant exposure to manipulated media content has a psychological impact on citizens. People begin to see the other side as enemies rather than humans with similar struggles. This dehumanization creates long-lasting mistrust and hatred between populations. For example, ordinary Indians and Pakistanis, who share cultural similarities and personal bonds, may develop biased opinions against each other based on false media portrayals. The manipulation of facts thus divides communities and prevents people from seeing beyond political conflicts.
Diplomatic Consequences
Manipulated media narratives also affect diplomatic relations. When citizens demand harsh action due to exaggerated or false media reports, governments face internal pressure to adopt aggressive stances. This reduces the chances of peaceful negotiation and worsens conflict. A minor border incident, when amplified by sensationalist media, can quickly grow into a national crisis. This has been seen repeatedly in recent India-Pakistan disputes, where both sides hardened their positions because of public pressure influenced by manipulated media.
Media as a Bridge for Peace
Despite its negative side, media manipulation can also be directed towards peace-building. Positive storytelling, highlighting shared cultural ties, cricket diplomacy, or stories of compassion between Indians and Pakistanis can change narratives. For instance, whenever media promotes friendship and cooperation, public opinion becomes softer, creating space for leaders to pursue dialogue. In this way, media can also serve as a constructive tool in conflict resolution if facts are used responsibly.
The Double-Edged Nature of Media Manipulation
The double-edged nature of media lies in its potential to both unite and divide. When facts are presented responsibly, media strengthens democracy, fosters informed opinions, and reduces conflict. When manipulated negatively, it spreads misinformation, increases hostility, and damages peace prospects. In the case of India and Pakistan, both outcomes are visible. While positive campaigns have occasionally built hope for peace, negative propaganda has often dragged the two nations further apart.
Conclusion
The manipulation of facts and opinions through media in the context of India-Pakistan conflicts shows how powerful communication can be. It can mobilize people for unity, raise awareness, and foster peace, but it can also spread hatred, escalate wars, and damage diplomatic ties. Therefore, media must be used with responsibility and ethical standards. Citizens must also develop media literacy to differentiate between facts and propaganda. In the end, media should be a tool for truth and peace, not for manipulation and division, especially in sensitive conflicts like that of India and Pakistan.
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